Their long relationship with humans has led pups to be exclusively attuned to human behavior and they are able to thrive on a starch-rich diet that might be insufficient for other canid species. Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colours. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This effect on human contemporary society has given them the sobriquet "man's closest friend".
The term "domestic dog" is normally used for both domesticated and feral varieties. The English term dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, a "powerful dog breed". The term may derive from Proto-Germanic *dukk?n, represented in Old English finger-docce ("finger-muscle"). The term also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga seen in frogga "frog" also, picga "pig", stagga "stag", wicga "beetle, worm", among others. The term dog may derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary ultimately.In 14th-century England, hound (from Old British: hund) was the general word for any home canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a combined group including the mastiff. It is believed this "dog" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category "hound". From the 16th century, dog had become the general expression, and hound possessed begun to send only to types used for hunting.[ The word "hound" is finally derived from the Proto-Indo-European phrase *kwon-, "dog". This semantic move might be compared to in German, where the related words Dogge and Hund maintained their original meanings.A male canine is referred to as a puppy, while a female is called a bitch. The daddy of the litter is named the sire, and the mother is named the dam. (Middle British bicche, from Old English bicce, ultimately from Old Norse bikkja) The procedure of birth is whelping, from the Old British word hwelp; the present day English term "whelp" can be an different term for doggy. A litter identifies the multiple offspring at one labor and birth that happen to be called puppies or pups from the French poup?e, "doll", which includes changed the more mature term "whelp" mainly.The dog is classified as Canis lupus familiaris under the Biological Species Principle and Canis familiaris under the Evolutionary Types Concept.In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus shared in Systema Naturae a categorization of kinds including the Canis types. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the local dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, this means "Dog-family" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means "Dog-wolf". In 1978, an assessment aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis varieties proposed that "Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is utilized for domestic dogs, though it should probably be associated with Canis lupus taxonomically." In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the planet listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: "Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page top priority over Canis lupus, but both were released simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the countless other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.In 2003, the ICZN ruled in its Thoughts and opinions 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are thought to be one species, then your scientific name of this varieties is the medical name of the crazy dog. In 2005, the 3rd edition of Mammal Types of the entire world upheld Judgment 2027 with the name Lupus and the take note: "Includes the local dog as a subspecies, with the dingo different - unnatural variations created by domestication and selective breeding" provisionally. However, Canis familiaris may also be used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the ICZN allowed users a decision as to which name they might use, and lots of internationally recognized researchers would rather use Canis familiaris.
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