Their long connection with humans has led pet dogs to be uniquely attuned to real human behavior and they are able to thrive on the starch-rich diet that might be inadequate for other canid species. Dogs vary widely in shape, colours and size. Dogs perform many roles for folks, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This effect on human contemporary society has given them the sobriquet "man's best friend".
The word "domestic dog" is normally used for both domesticated and feral varieties. The English term dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, a "powerful dog breed". The term may are based on Proto-Germanic *dukk?n, represented in Old English finger-docce ("finger-muscle"). The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga observed in frogga "frog" also, picga "pig", stagga "stag", wicga "beetle, worm", among others. The term dog may derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary ultimately.In 14th-century Britain, hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for any domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a mixed group including the mastiff. It is believed this "dog" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category "hound". By 16th century, dog had become the general expression, and hound had begun to send and then types used for hunting.[ The term "hound" is eventually produced from the Proto-Indo-European expression *kwon-, "dog". This semantic transfer might be compared to in German, where the equivalent words Dogge and Hund stored their original meanings.A male canine is known as a puppy, while a female is named a bitch. The father of the litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam. (Midsection British bicche, from Old British bicce, eventually from Old Norse bikkja) The procedure of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp; the present day English expression "whelp" is an alternative term for doggy. A litter identifies the multiple offspring at one delivery that happen to be called young puppies or pups from the French poup?e, "doll", which has mainly replaced the older term "whelp".The dog is categorized as Canis lupus familiaris under the Biological Types Concept and Canis familiaris under the Evolutionary Varieties Concept.In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus released in Systema Naturae a categorization of species including the Canis types. Canis is a Latin expression meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, jackals and foxes. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, which means "Dog-family" or the family dog. On another webpage the wolf was documented by him as Canis lupus, which means "Dog-wolf". In 1978, a review aimed at lowering the amount of recognized Canis types suggested that "Canis dingo is currently generally seen as a distinctive feral home dog. Canis familiaris is utilized for domestic pet dogs, although it should oftimes be synonymous with Canis lupus taxonomically." In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the earth listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: "Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has web page top priority over Canis lupus, but both were publicized all together in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species", which prevented classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is currently listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.In 2003, the ICZN ruled in its View 2027 that if wildlife and their domesticated derivatives are thought to be one species, then your scientific name of that types is the scientific name of the untamed canine. In 2005, the third release of Mammal Kinds of the earth upheld Opinion 2027 with the name Lupus and the notice: "Includes the home dog as a subspecies, with the dingo provisionally split - man-made variations created by domestication and selective breeding". However, Canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the ICZN allowed users a selection as to which name they could use, and lots of internationally recognized researchers choose to use Canis familiaris.
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